156 Reasons for Annexation (1844)

Department of State, Washington, April 18, 1844.

The undersigned Secretary of State of the United States has laid before the President the note of the Right Honorable Mr. Pakenham, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary of Her Britannic Majesty, addressed to this department on the 26th of February last together with the accompanying copy of a dispatch of Her Majesty’s Principal Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs to Mr. Pakenham. In reply the undersigned is directed by the President to inform the Right Honorable Mr. Pakenham that while he regards with pleasure the disavowal of Lord Aberdeen of any intention on the part of Her Majesty’s Government “to resort to any measures, either openly or secretly, which can tend to disturb the internal tranquility of the slaveholding States and thereby affect the tranquility of this Union”, he at the same time regards with deep concern the avowal for the first time made to this Government, “that Great Britain desires and is constantly exerting herself to procure the general abolition of slavery throughout the world.”

So long as Great Britain confined her policy to the abolition of slavery in her own possessions and colonies, no other country had a right to complain. It belonged to her exclusively to determine according to her own views of policy, whether it should be done or not. But when she goes beyond and avows it as her settled policy and the object of her constant exertions to abolish it throughout the world, she makes it the duty of all other countries whose safety or prosperity may be endangered by her policy to adopt such measures as they may deem necessary for their protection.

It is with still deeper concern the President regards the avowal of Lord Aberdeen of the desire of Great Britain to see slavery abolished in Texas and, as he infers, is endeavoring through her diplomacy to accomplish it by making the abolition of slavery one of the conditions on which Mexico should acknowledge her independence. It has confirmed his previous impressions as to the policy of Great Britain in reference to Texas and made it his duty to examine with much care and solicitude what would be its effects on the prosperity and safety of the United States, should she succeed in her endeavors. The investigation has resulted in the settled conviction that it would be difficult for Texas in her actual condition to resist what she desires without supposing the influence and exertions of Great Britain would be extended beyond the limits assigned by Lord Aberdeen. And this, if Texas could not resist the consummation of the object of her desire, would endanger both the safety and prosperity of the Union. Under this conviction, it is felt to be the imperious duty of the Federal Government, the common representative and protector of the States of the Union, to adopt in self-defense the most effectual measures to defeat it.

This is not the proper occasion to state at large the grounds of this conviction. It is sufficient to say that the consummation of the avowed object of her wishes in reference to Texas would be followed by hostile feelings and relations between that country and the United States which could not fail to place her under the influence and control of Great Britain. This, from the geographical position of Texas, would expose the weakest and most vulnerable portion of our frontier to inroads and place in the power of Great Britain the most efficient means of effecting in the neighboring States of this Union what she avows to be her desire to do in all countries where slavery exists. To hazard consequences which would be so dangerous to the prosperity and safety of this Union without resorting to the most effective measures to prevent them would be, on the part of the Federal Government, an abandonment of the most solemn obligation imposed by the guarantee which the States in adopting the Constitution entered into to protect each other against whatever might endanger their safety, whether from without or within. Acting in obedience to this obligation on which our federal system of Government rests, the President directs me to inform you that a treaty has been concluded between the United States and Texas for the annexation of the latter to the former as a part of its territory, which will be submitted without delay to the Senate for its approval. This step has been taken as the most effectual if not the only means of guarding against the threatened danger and securing their permanent peace and welfare.

It is well known that Texas has long desired to be annexed to this Union. That her people at the time of the adoption of her Constitution expressed by an almost unanimous vote her desire to that effect. And that she has never ceased to desire it as the most certain means of promoting her safety and prosperity. The United States have heretofore declined to meet her wishes, but the time has now arrived when they can no longer refuse consistently with their own security and peace and the sacred obligation imposed by their constitutional compact for mutual defense and protection. They are equally without responsibility for that state of things already adverted to as the immediate cause of imposing on them in self-defense the obligation of adopting the measure they have. They remained passive so long as the policy on the part of Great Britain which has led to its adoption had no immediate bearing on their peace and safety. While they conceded to Great Britain the right of adopting whatever policy she might deem best in reference to the African race within her own possessions, they on their part claim the same right for themselves.

The policy she has adopted in reference to the portion of that race in her dominions may be humane and wise. But it does not follow if it prove so with her, that it would be so in reference to the United States and other countries whose situation differs from hers. But whether it would be or not, it belongs to each to judge and determine for itself. With us it is a question to be decided not by the Federal Government but by each member of this Union for itself, according to its own views of its domestic policy and without any right on the part of the Federal Government to interfere in any manner whatever. Its rights and duties are limited to protecting, under the guarantees of the Constitution, each member of this Union in whatever policy it may adopt in reference to the portion within its respective limits. A large number of the States has decided that it is neither wise nor humane to change the relation which has existed from their first settlement between the two races while others where the African is less numerous have adopted the opposite policy. It belongs not to the Government to question whether the former have decided wisely or not. And if it did, the undersigned would not regard this as the proper occasion to discuss the subject. He does not however deem it irrelevant to state that if the experience of more than half a century is to decide, it would be neither humane nor wise in them to change their policy.

Experience has proved that the existing relation in which the one [race] is subjected to the other in the slaveholding states is consistent with the peace and safety of both, with great improvement to the inferior. While the same experience proves that the relation which it is the desire and object of Great Britain to substitute in its stead in this and all other countries under the plausible name of the abolition of slavery would (if it did not destroy the inferior by conflicts to which it would lead) reduce it to the extremes of vice and wretchedness. In this view of the subject it may be asserted that what is called slavery is in reality a political institution essential to the peace, safety, and prosperity of those states of the Union in which it exists. Without then controverting the wisdom and humanity of the policy of Great Britain so far as her own possessions are concerned, it may be safely affirmed without reference to the means by which it would be affected that could she succeed in accomplishing in the United States what she avows to be her desire and the object of her constant exertions to effect throughout the world, so far from being wise or humane, she would involve in the greatest calamity the whole country and especially the race which it is the avowed object of her exertions to benefit.

Source: John C. Calhoun, Works (1855), V, 333-339. https://archive.org/details/toldcontemporari03hartrich/page/648/mode/2up