Bibliography

Primary Sources

Archives:

Ashfield (Massachusetts) Historical Society: Annual Town Valuations, Tax Records, manuscript letters including the Ranney family letters collected by Henry Sears Ranney, Congregational Church Records, Henry Ranney and Jasper Bement Account Books, Henry Ranney Centenary Address, Samuel Ranney Last Will and Testament and Estate Inventory.

Baker Library, Harvard University, Dun & Bradstreet Corporation Records.

Cornell University: H. G. Hotchkiss Company papers including personal and business letters, photographs, and “waste-books” containing Hotchkiss’s notes regarding purchases of oil and other business dealings.

A.M. Todd Company archive, Kalamazoo, Michigan: A.M. Todd papers including ledger books, personal letters, business correspondence, tax forms.

Phelps (New York) Historical Society: Leman B. Hotchkiss business records, essential oil bottle labels and brochures, local history for Hotchkiss backstory.

Western Michigan University, local history, maps.

 

Newspapers, Journals, Magazines:

American Journal of Numismatics, and Bulletin of the American Numismatic and Archaeological Society 24, no. 2 (1889)

The Bee. 12/28/1802

Boston Chronicle. 4/18/1768

Boston Commercial Gazette. 1824

Boston Courier. 12/10/1833

Boston Gazette. 11/18/1805

Charlotte Observer. 1902

Columbian Gazette. 2/9/1808

Daily Advertiser. 11/4/1803

Duluth News-Tribune. 1899

Eastern Argus. 10/23/1806

Gazette of the United States. 6/12/1802

Grand Rapids Herald. 1899, 1900

Harper’s Weekly, a Journal of Civilization Collection. 1890

Hampshire Herald. 10/19/1784

Independent Chronicle and Universal Advertiser. 6/17/1784

Kansas City Star. 1905, 1906

Macon Weekly Telegraph. 1903

New Haven Register. 1900

The New-York Gazette. 10-1-1764

New York Gazette and General Advertiser. 2/17/1809, 10/9/1818

New York Gazette and Weekly Mercury. 12/28/1778, 2/24/1783

New York Mercury. 12/19/1763

Omaha World Herald. 1899

Oregonian. 1916

Pennsylvania Chronicle and Universal Advertiser. 5/30/1768

Phelps Citizen. 1893

Philadelphia Inquirer. 1912

Pittsfield Sun. 12/9/1800, 9/21/1811, 1818, 1823, 12/21/1837

Providence Gazette and Country Journal. 7/11/1778

Rhode-Island American. 1825

Royal American Gazette. 9/24/1778

Royal Gazette. 2/14/1781

United States Chronicle: Political, Commercial, and Historical. 5/4/1797

Washington Times. 10/8/1918

The Washingtonian. 4/25/1814

Wilkes-Barre Times. 1913

 

Books:

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Buchan, William. Domestic Medicine; or, the Family Physician: Being an Attempt to Render the Medical Art More Generally Useful, by Shewing People What Is in Their Own Power Both with Respect to the Prevention and Cure of Diseases. Philadelphia: Robert Aitken, 1772.

 

Cullen, William. A Treatise of the Materia Medica by William Cullen, In Two Volumes. Philadelphia: Joseph Crukshank, 1789.

 

Currie, William. “Of the Cholera.” (1798).

 

Currie, William and Thomas Mifflin. A Treatise on the Synochus Icteroides, or Yellow Fever as It Lately Appeared in the City of Philadelphia.: Exhibiting a Concise View of Its Rise, Progress and Symptoms, Together with the Method of Treatment Found Most Successful: Also Remarks on the Nature of Its Contagion, and Directions for Preventing the Introduction of the Same Malady, in Future. Philadelphia: Thomas Dobson, 1794.

 

Dale, Samuel. Samuelis Dale Pharmacologiae Seu Manuductionis Ad Materiam Medicam Supplementum: … Cum Duplici Indice. London: Smith & Walford, 1705.

 

Emigration. Practical Advice to Emigrants: On All Points Connected with Their Comfort and Economy, from Making Choice of a Ship to Settling on and Cropping a Farm. Earl Grey Pamphlets Collection, 1834.

 

Emmitt, James and M. J. Carrigan. Life and Reminiscences of Hon. James Emmitt as Revised by Himself. Chillicothe, OH.: Peerless Print. & Mfg. Co., 1888.

 

English review, or, An abstract of English and foreign literature, 1783-1795 14 (Sep. 1789)

 

Gerarde, John. The Herball or Generall Historie of Plantes. London: Islip, Norton and Whitakers, 1597.

 

Goddard, William, The Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia Almanack and Ephemeris, for the Year of Our Lord, 1788. Philadelphia: Goddard, 1787

 

Hamilton, Alexander. The Family Female Physician: Or, a Treatise on the Management of Female Complaints, and of Children in Early Infancy. Worcester: Isaiah Thomas, 1793.

 

Happel, Richard V. “Peppermint Oil.” Unknown

 

Hemenway, Samuel. Medicine Chests, with Suitable Directions: Prepared by Samuel Hemenway, at His Shop in Essex Street, Opposite Union Street, Salem. Salem, Mass.: W. Carlton–Salem., 1796.

 

Knowlton, Charles. Elements of Modern Materialism Inculcating the Idea of a Future State, in Which All Will Be More Happy, under Whatever Circumstances They May Be Placed Than If They Experienced No Misery in This Life. Adams, Mass.: Oakey, 1829.

 

Krafft, Michael. The American Distiller, or, the Theory and Practice of Distilling, According to the Latest Discoveries and Improvements, Including the Most Improved Methods of Constructing Stills, and of Rectification. Philadelphia: Thomas Dobson, 1804.

 

The Northwestern Miller. Miller Publishing Company, 1882.

 

Ray, John. Catalogus Plantarum Angliae, Et Insularum Adjacentium Tum Indigenas, Tum in Agris Passim Cultas Complectens in Quo Prêter Synonyma Necessaria, Facultates Quoque Summatim Traduntur, Un Cum Observationibus & Experimentis Novis Medicis & Physicis. London: Clark and Martyn, 1677.

 

________. Joannis Raii Synopsis Methodica Stirpium Britannicarum: Tum Indigenis, Tum in Agris Cultis Locis Suis Dispositis. London: Gulielmi & Joannis Innys, 1690.

 

________. Synopsis Methodica Stirpium Britannicarum in Qua Tum Notae Generum Characteristicae Traduntur, Tum Species Singulae Breviter Describuntur: Ducentae Quinquaginta Plus Minus Novae Species Partim Suis Locis Inferuntur, Partim in Appendice Seorsim Exhibentur: Cum Indice & Virium Epitome. London: Sam. Smith, 1696.

 

Robinson, James. The Philadelphia Directory for 1804 Containing the Names, Trades, and Residence of the Inhabitants of the City, Southwark, Northern Liberties, and Kensington: To Which Is Prefixed, a Brief Sketch of the Origin and Present State of the City of Philadelphia. Philadelphia: John H. Oswald, 1804.

 

Robinson, James and Abraham Shoemaker. The Philadelphia Directory, City and County Register, for 1802 Containing, the Names, Trades, and Residence of the Inhabitants of the City, Southwark, Northern Liberties, and Kensington: With Other Useful Tables and Lists. Philadelphia: William W. Woodward, 1802.

 

Rogers, Howell. On Essences and Their Use and, on the Method of Preparing and Taking a Variety of Tinctures and Syrups. Colchester, Conn.: T.M. Skinner & Co., 1814.

 

Rush, Benjamin. An Account of the Bilious Remitting Yellow Fever, as It Appeared in the City of Philadelphia, in the Year 1793. Philadelphia: Thomas Dobson, 1794.

 

Shoemaker, Abraham. Oram’s New-York Almanac, for the Year of Our Lord, 1807. New York: John Tiebout, 1806.

 

Stearns, Samuel. The American Herbal, or Materia Medic: Wherein the Virtues of the Mineral, Vegetable, and Animal Productions of North and South America Are Laid Open, So Far as They Are Known; and Their Uses in the Practice of Physic and Surgery Exhibited; Comprehending an Account of a Large Number of New Medical Discoveries and Improvements, Which Are Compiled from the Best Authorities. Walpole, MA: David Carlisle, 1801.

 

Thomson, Samuel. A Narrative of the Life and Medical Discoveries of Samuel Thomson. Columbus, OH: Jarvis, Pike & Co., 1833.

 

Todd, Albert May. “Mint–Its Early History and Modern Commercial Development.”Proceedings of the American Pharmaceutical Association at the fifty-first annual meeting. Philadelphia: The Association, 1903.

 

________. Municipal Ownership, with a Special Survey of Municipal Gas Plants in America and Europe; Comprising a View of the General Principles of Public Ownership; Its Relation to the Public Welfare: With a Special Study of Gas Works in American and European Cities under Both Public and Private Ownership; a Comparison of Efficiency, Costs, and Rates of Charge; and the Influence of Public Ownership on General Prosperity, Good Government and Democracy. Chicago: Public Ownership League of America, 1918.

 

________. Public Ownership of Railroads. 65th Congress, 3rd Session ed. Interstate Commerce Committee. Washington: GPO, 1919.

 

________. “Relation of Public Ownership to Democracy and Social Justice.” Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science in the City of New York 8, no. 4 (1920)

 

United States Congress, Committee on Interstate Commerce. Ticket Brokerage Hearings Had on December 16, 1897, January 6 and 7, 1898, and January 15, 1898, before the Committee on Interstate Commerce of the United States Senate on the Bill (S. 1575) to Amend an Act Entitled “an Act to Regulate Commerce.” 382 P. O. (U.S.A. 55th Congress, 2d Session, Senate. Document No. 128.).  Washington: Government Printing Office, 1898.

 

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Zwinger, Theodor. Theatrum Botanicum: Das Ist, Neu Vollkommenes Krüter-Buch: Worinnen Allerhand Erdgewächse Der Bäumen, Stauden Und Kräutern, Welche in Allen Vier Theilen Der Welt, Sonderlich Aber in Europa Herfür Kommen. Basel: Jacob Bertsche, 1696.

 

Secondary Sources:

 

Adams, Charles Collard. Middletown Upper Houses; a History of the North Society of Middletown, Connecticut, from 1650 to 1800, with Genealogical and Biographical Chapters on Early Families and a Full Genealogy of the Ranney Family. New York: Grafton Press, 1908.

 

Allosso, Dan. An Infidel Body-Snatcher and the Fruits of His Philosophy : The Life of Dr. Charles Knowlton. Minneapolis: Stay Outside the Box, 2013.

 

American Pharmaceutical Association. General Index to Volumes One to Fifty of the Proceedings of the American Pharmaceutical Association from 1852 to 1902, Inclusive. Baltimore, MD.: The Association, 1886.

 

Anderson, Virginia DeJohn. Creatures of Empire : How Domestic Animals Transformed Early America. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.

 

Appleby, Joyce Oldham. “Commercial Farming and the “Agrarian Myth” in the Early Republic.” The Journal of American History 68, no. 4 (1982): 833-49.

 

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Aron, Stephen. “Pioneers and Profiteers: Land Speculation and the Homestead Ethic in Frontier Kentucky.” The Western Historical Quarterly 23, no. 2 (1992): 179-98.

 

 

Ashfield and New England Historic Genealogical Society. Vital Records of Ashfield, Massachusetts to the Year 1850. Boston: New England Historic Genealogical Society, 1942.

 

Atack, Jeremy. “Farm and Farm-Making Costs Revisited.” Agricultural History 56, no. 4 (1982): 663-76.

 

Atack, Jeremy and Fred Bateman. To Their Own Soil : Agriculture in the Antebellum North. Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1987.

 

Babcock, C. Merton. “The Social Significance of the Language of the American Frontier.” American Speech 24, no. 4 (1949): 256-63.

 

Backus, Isaac. Church History of New England, from 1620 to 1804: Containing a View of the Principles and Practice, Declensions and Revivals, Oppression and Liberty of the Churches, and a Chronological Table. Philadelphia: Baptist Tract Depository, 1839.

 

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Barker, Michele P. Peddlers in New England, 1790-1860. Sturbridge, Mass.: Old Sturbridge Village, 1992.

 

Barron, Hal S. Those Who Stayed Behind: Rural Society in Nineteenth-Century New England. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1984.

 

Beard, Charles A. An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1935.

 

Beckert, Sven. The Monied Metropolis: New York City and the Consolidation of the American Bourgeoisie, 1850-1896. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001.

 

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________. Rural Economy in New England at the Beginning of the 19th Century. Clifton: A.M. Kelley, 1916.

 

Billington, Ray Allen. Westward Expansion: A History of the American Frontier. New York: Macmillan, 1967.

 

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Conference on Research in, Income, Wealth, Research National Bureau of Economic, and Association Economic History. Trends in the American Economy in the Nineteenth Century. A Report of the National Bureau of Economic Research, New York. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1960.

 

Conover, George S. History of Ontario County, New York. Syracuse: D. Mason & Co., 1893.

 

Cowles, George W. Landmarks of Wayne County. Syracuse, N.Y.: D. Mason & Company, 1895.

 

Cronon, William. Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England. New York: Hill and Wang, 1983.

 

________. “Revisiting the Vanishing Frontier: The Legacy of Frederick Jackson Turner.” The Western Historical Quarterly 18, no. 2 (1987): 157-76.

 

________. Nature’s Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West. New York: W.W. Norton, 1991.

 

Crosby, Alfred W. The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1972.

 

________. Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900-1900. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1986.

 

Cutler, H.G. History of St. Joseph County, Michigan : With Illustrations Descriptive of Its Scenery, Palatial Residences, Public Buildings, Fine Blocks and Important Manufactories, from Original Sketches by Artists of the Highest Ability. Chicago: Lewis Publishing Co., 1911.

 

Cutter, W.R. and W.F. Adams. Genealogical and Personal Memoirs Relating to the Families of the State of Massachusetts. Boston: Lewis historical publishing Company, 1910.

 

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Danhof, Clarence H. “Farm-Making Costs and the “Safety Valve”: 1850-60.” Journal of Political Economy 49, no. 3 (1941): 317-59.

 

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Ellis, E. R. Biographical Sketches of Richard Ellis, the First Settler of Ashfield, Mass., and His Descendants. Detroit: W. Graham, 1888.

 

Everts, L. H. and Co. History of the Connecticut Valley in Massachusetts, with Illustrations and Biographical Sketches of Some of Its Prominent Men and Pioneers. Philadelphia: L.H. Everts, 1879.

 

Field, David D., Chester Dewey. A History of the County of Berkshire, Massachusetts, in Two Parts. The First Being a General View of the County; the Second, an Account of the Several Towns. Pittsfield: S.W. Bush, 1829.

 

Fite, Gilbert Courtland. The Farmers’ Frontier, 1865-1900. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1966.

 

Gates, Paul W. The Farmer’s Age: Agriculture, 1815-1860. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1960.

 

Gilmore-Lehne, William J. Reading Becomes a Necessity of Life: Material and Cultural Life in Rural New England, 1780-1835. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1989.

 

Gische, David M. “The New York City Banks and the Development of the National Banking System 1860-1870.” The American Journal of Legal History 23, no. 1 (1979): 21-67.

 

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Gray, Susan E. The Yankee West: Community Life on the Michigan Frontier. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996.

 

Griffenhagen, George B. and James Harvey Young. Old English Patent Medicines in America. Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1959.

 

Haeger, John D. The Investment Frontier: New York Businessmen and the Economic Development of the Old Northwest. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1981.

 

Halford, A. J. Official Congressional Directory for the Use of the United States Congress, … Compiled … By A.J. Halford. 56th Congress, 2d Session, 2d Edition. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1901.

 

Hammond, Bray. Banks and Politics in America, from the Revolution to the Civil War. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1957.

 

Handlin, Oscar. The Uprooted: The Epic Story of the Great Migrations That Made the American People. Boston: Little, Brown, 1951.

 

Hartz, Louis. The Liberal Tradition in America; an Interpretation of American Political Thought since the Revolution. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1955.

 

Hawthorne, Nathaniel. The American Notebooks. Boston: Osgood & Co., 1875.

 

Hayward, Oliver S. and Constance E. Putnam. Improve, Perfect & Perpetuate: Dr. Nathan Smith and Early American Medical Education. Hanover: University Press of New England, 1998.

 

Hedrick, U. P. A History of Agriculture in the State of New York. Albany: New York State Agriculture Society, 1933.

 

Henretta, James A. “Families and Farms: Mentalite in Pre-Industrial America.” The William and Mary Quarterly 35, no. 1 (1978): 3-32.

 

Hepburn, A. Barton. History of Coinage and Currency in the United States and the Perennial Contest for Sound Money. New York: Macmillan & Co., 1903.

 

Hofstadter, Richard. The Age of Reform; from Bryan to F.D.R. New York: Knopf, 1955.

 

Holbrook, Stewart Hall. The Yankee Exodus, an Account of Migration from New England. New York: Macmillan, 1950.

 

Holmes, Oliver Wendell. Medical Essays, 1842-1882. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1893.

 

H. G. Hotchkiss Essential Oil. History of Hotchkiss Essential Oil of Peppermint. Lyons, N.Y.: The Company, 1980.

 

Howes, Frederick G. History of the Town of Ashfield, Mass. Volume I. West Cummington, Mass.: Wm. G. Atkins, printer, 1910.

 

Huston, J. P. “The Use of Credit Currency by Country Banks.” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 36, no. 3 (1910): 176-90.

 

Jaffee, David. “Peddlers of Progress and the Transformation of the Rural North, 1760-1860.” The Journal of American History 78, no. 2 (1991).

 

________. A New Nation of Goods: The Material Culture of Early America. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010.

 

James, Edward T., Janet Wilson James, Paul S. Boyer. Notable American Women, 1607-1950; a Biographical Dictionary. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1971.

 

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Johnson, Crisfield. History of Hillsdale County, Michigan : With Illustrations and Biographical Sketches of Some of Its Prominent Men and Pioneers. Philadelphia: Everts & Abbot, 1879.

 

Johnson, Paul E. A Shopkeeper’s Millennium: Society and Revivals in Rochester, New York, 1815-1837. New York: Hill and Wang, 1978.

 

Jones, Olive R. “Essense of Peppermint: History of the Medicine and Its Bottle.” Historical Archaeology 15, no. 2 (1981): 1-57.

 

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Kline, Priscilla Carrington. “New Light on the Yankee Peddler.” New England Quarterly 12, no. 1 (1939): 80-98.

 

Knodell, Jane. “Interregional Financial Integration and the Banknote Market: The Old Northwest, 1815-1845.” Journal of Economic History 48, no. 2 (1988).

 

Knox, John Jay. United States Notes; a History of the Various Issues of Paper Money by the Government of the United States. New York: C. Scribner’s, 1892.

 

________. A History of Banking in the United States. New York: August M. Kelley, 1900.

 

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________. The Agrarian Origins of American Capitalism. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1992.

 

________. From British Peasants to Colonial American Farmers. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000.

 

Lamar, Howard Roberts. The Trader on the American Frontier: Myth’s Victim. College Station: Texas A & M University Press, 1977.

 

Lamoreaux, Naomi R. “Banks, Kinship, and Economic Development: The New England Case.” The Journal of Economic History 46, no. 3 (1986): 647-67.

 

Landing, James E. American Essence; a History of the Peppermint and Spearmint Industry in the United States. Kalamazoo: Kalamazoo Public Museum, 1969.

 

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Laurie, Bruce. Artisans into Workers: Labor in Nineteenth-Century America. New York: Hill and Wang, 1989.

 

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